Summarise the main criticisms that Jane Jacobs levelled at urban Essay

Summarise the main criticisms that Jane Jacobs level direct at urban formulation thought at the beginning of the 1960s, and discuss whether her criticisms are still relevant to planners right away - Essay ExampleJane Jacobs was particularly active in her role against the surge of urban renewal governance that emerged in the past-war period. She was of the view that modernist urban renewal measures destroyed cities rather than improving the social and economical conditions that fatalityful to be addressed.In the post-war period, that is the period after the Second World War, there arose a need for the restoration of bombed cities. It was decided to rebuild them on an organized framework and proper planning. However, there arose many criticisms to the approach take by architects and engineers. The critique that Jacobs leveled at the renewal plan was normative in nature, emphasizing on the determine of the planning rather than the physical design. One of her significant contribu tions is her perception of cities as problems of organized complexity, which entail dealing simultaneously with a sizeable number of factors which are interrelated into an organic whole (Jacobs 1992).One of the criticisms that Jacobs endow across was the ideology of utopian comprehensiveness. In plan cities effectively and sustain the development plans, Jacobs saw the need to have an acute understanding of the way cities function. If city planners did not understand the lifestyles and needs of the residents, they would not be able to devise a plan that incorporated the needs of the community. Therefore she rejected the ideal models that emerged during post-war planning of towns and cities. According to Jacobs, Howards garden city model, and Le Corbusiers vision of the city of the future and his effulgent city did not explicitly illustrate a framework that fulfilled of the needs of the community and led to a more functional urban setting. Her argument was that modern city planners had little insight into the public presentation of cities, their models can not

Effectiveness of Strategy at Subsidiary Level Essay

Effectiveness of St wandergy at Subsidiary Level - Essay mannequinIt is the method of aligning all the activities being undertaken in the governance such as management, marketing, research and information and Computer information system in a prescribed way to achieve the goals of the organisation.The first footstep namely the strategy formulation involves the development of the line of reasoning mission, evaluation of the opportunities and threats faced by the employment organisation in the rail line, by using tools such as SWOT analysis, examining the strengths and weaknesses of the blood line, determining the long term objectives of the business and designing the new strategies to eke in the process of achieving the new targets. It also include the processes to determine the investment direction, the business markets to be addressed, extension of the operations of the business, limitations faced by the business in order to undertake the business activities. Strategy formula tion also helps the business in deciding about the matters to be addressed on priority basis. There is not any organisation in the world which has unlimited resources. Therefore the business organisations need to evaluate which projects are important and need investment. The future of a business organisation is genuinely much effected by the strategic decision of the management of the organisation. With the globalisation of the economy the concept of international Enterprises is prevailing all over the world.An MNE is a differentiated network of internationally dispersed units, which are at the same time embedded in two business contexts the internal MNE and the external (host country) environment. Thus, the roles and/or strategies of subsidiaries are both regulate by and affecting these two contexts. A subsidiary has a dual role to play it interacts with the reside of the MNE internally and with local partners externally.Firstly, while subsidiaries can benefit from knowledge f lows from the rest of the MNE, they can also do so from the local partners in the host country, to enhance their level of competence and hence contribute to the boilersuit competitive advantage of the MNE. Secondly, subsidiaries may also help or hurt their local partners during their external interactions in the host country business environment. It has been argued that the state of the economy of the host country has significant implications for the operation of the subsidiaries, and because for its strategy (Hunt and Morgan, 1995).Because of this the main macroeconomic concepts relating to the determination of economic activity, and related issues such as the inflation rate and the exchange rate, have been discussed in some detail. The various factors affecting the company should

Introduction to Financial Accounting Research Paper

Introduction to Financial Accounting - Research Paper ExampleAmount orifice capital 58630Add Net profit 38565 slight drawing (-)24700 Bank overdraftCreditorso/s protective cover adjudge wages 400o/s telephone and e-mail 200o/s website maintenance expenses 375 72495 2380 19670 975 95520DebtorsCash in handFreeh doddery premises 60000 Less depreciation( unexampled) -(3000)Less depreciation(old) - (18000)Safe 12000Less depreciation(new) -(2880) Less depreciation(old) -(4800)Shop fitting 34000Less depreciation(new) -(3400)Less depreciation(old) -(10200)Closing stock3400 520 390004320 20400 2788095520Adjustment entries(1) O/S Security guard wages 400 should be added in the liabilities side.(2) O/S Telephone and e-mail 200 should be added in the liabilities side.(3) 900*5/12= 375 is O/S of the website maintenance expenses should be added in the liabilities side.(4) 60000/20 eld= 3000 for year should be deducted as new depreciation and old depreciation should be Deducted from actual tol l, consequently 60000- 18000(old) - 3000(new) = 39000.(5) 12000-4800(old) =7200(new depreciation) 2880= 4320.... Coming to the next concern that, the value for your premises seems very low, though you paid more than that of them because the old depreciation is more than the new addressd premises. As we can see it separately below the vestibular sense sheet and on the balance sheet, this comes under the Asset side in the Balance Sheet and the new calculated and paid depreciation is very less that the previously calculated and paid one. Therefore, more cost was been paid earlier, which if alone calculated will be very high, that is why the value shown for your premises this instant are very low. As you have said that, you took 24700 out of the business for your own personal consumption, this comes on the debit side of trading account as owners drawings and subtracted under the liabilities side in the balance sheet. As we know that the owners drawing is subtracted from the sum of net profit and interruption Capital, and as the amount is not been returned, though it is taken from the profit of the business it is subtracted. In addition, counted as uncomplete a loss or bad debt or a profit and this is why is cannot be written, calculate or charged under the profit statement.The distinction between the fixed addition and the current asset is, fixed asset is been defined as that asset which is been acquired for relatively long periods for carrying on the business of the enterprises. They are not been meant for resale. Land and building, machinery, furniture are some of the important examples of fixed Assets. Sometimes the term freeze down Capital is also been used for these terms.

Are political parties still the central actors in politics Essay

Are political parties still the central shammers in politics - Essay ExamplePolitics, therefore, does non occur in a proverbial vacuum, consisting of a variety of interactions between society and the political actor and other relevant political figures that maintain responsibility for community governance. Politicians are often affiliated with a specific political society, an organisation that aims to influence the development of government party that are considered appropriate for securing the partys objectives and agendas. policy-making parties serve as coalitions consisting of like-minded politicians that have the same ideologies and expectations for government.The question at submit is whether political parties are still the central actors in politics. Though political parties are highly authoritative and often serve as the underpinning for how politicians identify themselves comparatively to other political figures, there is little severalise that political parties are th e principle actor along a political model or system. In fact, it would appear that the media is now the central actor in politics as media services a a lot broader role in society as it pertains to political activity. The media is able to influence politicians and societal members, promote real-time political activities, engage society about politically-relevant events, and even serve to expose questionable political behaviours. Political parties are no longer the central actor in politics.Political party affiliation is a method by which to classify a politician and their unique agendas as compared to other politicians. In the united States, political parties were established in the late 1700s when it became clear to those running for public office that they would need to realise public support to obtain a majority vote competitively (Nichols 1967). As there were no established political parties in the United States prior to 1787, the ideologies of the Republican Party and the D emocratic Party (the devil main parties in the country) became

LPS Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

LPS - Literature review modellingThe LPS of this group of bacteria back be divided into 3 components, 1) lipide A, 2) a core oligosaccharide, which can be further subdivided into an inner and outer core structure, and a glycosyl polymer of repeating units, called O-polysaccharide. The hydrophobic lipid A domain of the molecule contributes to the structural stability of LPS. The core oligosaccharide, on the other hand, maintain the semi-permeable barrier of the bacterial cells membrane by cross-linking with divalent cations or polyamines (Frirdich and Whitfield, 2005). Because of its biological effects, it has been used in data-based research as a prototype endotoxin as well as an adjuvant. Through the elucidation that LPS lipid A component is a nontoxic immunostimulatory molecule, it was established that the lipid A domain modulates LPS biological military action (Harsoliya et al., 2011). According to Frirdich and Whitfield (2005), this domain of LPS is the most conserved, fol fir st baseed by the inner core oligosaccharide moiety attached to lipid A. 2. Modifications vindicatory like other membrane proteins, LPS undergo structural changes to accommodate environmental changes such as handiness of nutrients and balance of ions. In particular, lipid A modifications were found to enable the bacteria to adapt to an environment with low divalent cations, abundant cationic peptides and low temperature (Frirdich and Whitfield, 2005). The TLR4 pathway TLR4 is a membrane protein expressed by hematopoietic-derived, insubordinate cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and dendritic cells. It is the link of LPS to the innate tolerant pathway, which allows a faster enlisting of immune cells to the site of infection. It is able to do so by stimulating the transfer of nuclear factor- (NF-) to the nucleus, thus initiating the observation of the genes coding for IL-6, IL-1 and TNF-? (Creely, 2007), whose importance will be discussed in detail later. Because many body surfaces and mucosa argon susceptible to bacterial infection, many body parts may be exposed to LPS as well. As such, they are also expressed by non-hematopoietic cells such as epithelia and endothelia. In the respiratory tract, many studies take over already recognized the role of TLR4 in inducing defensive mechanisms against pulmonary infection. Since the non-hematopoietic cells do not mystify immune functions, they release signals that allow the recruitment neutrophils to the site of infection. If uncontrolled, however, this response may lead to a reduction in lung function due to inflammation of the lungs, as well as exacerbation of allergic asthma. (Hollingsworth et al., 2005). However, it was plant by Hollingsworth et al. (2005) that, at least in the respiratory tract, immune response is different in order when LPS is detected by hematopoietic cells than if it is by epithelial and endothelial cells of the airway. In their experiment, they used chimeric mice to hold in expression of TLR4 in 1) hematopoietic cells only, or in 2) structural cells only. Number of neutrophils present, cytokine/chemokine production, and airway inflammation, through judging of tracheal pressure. It was observed that even if the epithelia and endothelia of the respiratory tract do not express TLR4, neutrophil recruitment was still made possible because hematopoietic cell

Film This Boy's Life Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film This Boys Life - Movie Review ExampleThesis This rent vividly portrays family problems and troubles, psychological pressure and emotional di var. caused by complicated family relation and misunderstanding.The main problem discussed in the film is emotional corrupt and misunderstanding which cause psychological and emotional sufferings to Caroline and Toby. This life trading floor is devoted to emotional abuse faced by the author, Tobias Wolff, during his childhood. He vividly depicts hardship and emotional burden experienced by the teenager. This story is very impressive, because it reflects personal past of the author, physiological try and cruelty of his stepfather and his children. varied parents deem different ideas as to the proper way to bring up children, or as to what counts as adequate care for them, but this story unveils hash realities of childhood and family violence faced by whatever children. Dwight Hansen explains to Caroline that he tries to change rebell ious nature of Toby and makes him a better person. But his methods and style unveil that he does not love Toby seeing him as the object of abuse. Physical abuse of the child is closely connected with emotional abuse and involved physical punishment and family violence. Toby describes that his stepfather a good deal finds any excuse to punish him while favoring the other children.Another family trouble is dominant of the father and a husband within the family. Dwight Hansen plays a dominant position in the family exercised through aggression and cruelty. From sociological pane of view, this problem is caused by different gender roles and inequality within the institution of marriage. These gender variables shape the set and hence the behavior of the main characters and show that specific gender roles determine the way of living and norms of several(prenominal) generations of people. During the 1950s, gender roles have not undergone metamorphoses. They have followed the economic, social, and political trends of the countrys history. Unfortunately, this resulted in distraction and harassment of children, primarily Toby. The film vividly portrays that fathers dominance and lack of understanding ruins family happiness and warm relations. Toby describes that there is no incertitude that physical injuries tend to be more evident, and their effects more public then emotional sufferings. speech pattern and mental disorders can be seen as one of the most important family problems which is rough to identify, but which have a great impact on the family and family relations. From the sociological point of view, people are faced with stress at work and at home. Stress is a social problem but it arises from an imbalance amongst the demands made upon individuals and their capacity to cope with such demands, family relations and economic conditions of the family. The mental well-being of family members is more difficult to define or protect. For a long time, Caroline d oes to recognize problems and grievances faced by her son, Toby. In his Boys Life, stress arises from personal factors and emotional abuse It is possible to say that rebellion nature of Toby is a carcass of disobedience against abuse or psychological conflict between parents and children. Generation gap supports this situation and resulted in negative consequences such as rebellion and escape. Another problem described in the film is a secondary role of women and mothers within the instit

Family and Medical Leave Act Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Family and Medical Leave Act - Research Paper ExampleIt is applicable to all public employees and those in private companies with at least 50 employees. Certain FMLA provisions ar favorable for employers and employees. However, the argona of Human Resources (HR) has struggled with some of its aspects, especially those in regards to episodic or chronic conditions, sporadic use of leave or serious conditions of health. HR departments are facing challenges in terms of guardianship track of intermittent leave chronic abuse of such leave morale problems arising from employees required to baffle for absent colleagues associated costs of productivity loss due employees being on leave vague aesculapian leave certification documentation by healthcare professionals and the uncertainty of the leave requests legitimacy (Merkle, 2012).On the employers part, they are challenged by the realization that employees will not always notify them promptly when they require FMLA leave, more so in cases of unexpected conditions. Regulations stipulate that employees give a notice of at least 30 age in advance, but this is not practical in unforeseeable emergencies. Therefore, it becomes a considerable problem for the employer and HR department to plan for the absence of their employees. Eligible employees are the greatest beneficiaries of FMLA, so long as they fag end give sufficient notice with supporting evidence of the need for leave. They have enough time to deal out family and personal obligations while their jobs are still guaranteed. The Department of Labor (DOL) proposed a pitch in 2011, aiming to fire the clarity of behavior associated with leave-taking (BLR, 2012). According to the DOL, it is imperative for employees, employers and HR departments to develop compliance programs and regulatory priorities base on current and credible data rather than anecdotal and outdated information. An example of pending polity is that of

Political Implications of Sophocles Book - Antigone Research Paper

Political Implications of Sophocles Book - Antigone - Research Paper Example lack of satisfaction on the sort of leadership attracts criticism while what they deem to be the best form of leadership that leaders ought to adopt is exalted by different authors. Thoughts of authors could either have positive or negative wreaks on the people who read their work. In analysing the dangers of different authors, this paper will look at two thinkers and authors of ancient history. An analysis of Sophocles ideas in Antigone and Platos The Trial and Death of Socrates will be utilize as the reference to the analysis. In his book Antigone, Sophocles explores on the punishment which disobedient people in Thebes, the res publica of Greek. It also showed the various methods used in ruling the kingdom. The author, in his choice of using a womanhood as the main character, showed the theme of the plight of women in the times, though in a negative way. He chose to support the plight of women, as the episodes of the book progress. On his part, however, Plato in his book, the trial and death of Socrates, he explores the influence of political leaders and their influence on the subjects. The book portrays Socrates in a devilish way as he manipulates the people around him with his philosophical influence. Plato himself was an astute follower of Socrates and had done so out of choice. Socrates believes that Platos closeness to him made him vulnerable to manipulation. Rarely would he speak on his first-person voice, as he a great deal made reference to a different force behind his words, that of Socrates? His reasoning and ideas, though very self-propelling and radical as an influence from his mentor, does not make him much dangerous as his counterpart Sophocles. Sophocles develops personalised ideas and thoughts and sends his sentiments through his book. Through his book, he portrays himself as a dis-respecter of humanity.

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Entrepreneurship - Essay ExampleWhat remains after establishment of the firm is managing the enterprise into a successful firm.2. Application of technology in modern businesses cannot be underestimated. Most business processes are severely dependent on modern technology. For instance, computer technology has made it possible for entrepreneurs to analyse market conditions, break market models, and integrate the various business concepts into practice. Therefore, technology is an overwhelmingly important tool for creativity and innovativeness in that great ideas can be tried and put into practice using technology. It is also important to tone that successful entrepreneurs are flexible to fiscal switchs in the market. Business in the modern world has manufacture increasingly competitive and dynamic thereby demanding high degree of business flexibility. Competition may change business conditions and fiscal policies as well and therefore, successful entrepreneurs need to be well equi pped to endure and prepare for these changes. Otherwise, it would be difficult to maintain viable business enterprises without a clear understanding of plethoric and even future market