LPS Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

LPS - Literature review modellingThe LPS of this group of bacteria back be divided into 3 components, 1) lipide A, 2) a core oligosaccharide, which can be further subdivided into an inner and outer core structure, and a glycosyl polymer of repeating units, called O-polysaccharide. The hydrophobic lipid A domain of the molecule contributes to the structural stability of LPS. The core oligosaccharide, on the other hand, maintain the semi-permeable barrier of the bacterial cells membrane by cross-linking with divalent cations or polyamines (Frirdich and Whitfield, 2005). Because of its biological effects, it has been used in data-based research as a prototype endotoxin as well as an adjuvant. Through the elucidation that LPS lipid A component is a nontoxic immunostimulatory molecule, it was established that the lipid A domain modulates LPS biological military action (Harsoliya et al., 2011). According to Frirdich and Whitfield (2005), this domain of LPS is the most conserved, fol fir st baseed by the inner core oligosaccharide moiety attached to lipid A. 2. Modifications vindicatory like other membrane proteins, LPS undergo structural changes to accommodate environmental changes such as handiness of nutrients and balance of ions. In particular, lipid A modifications were found to enable the bacteria to adapt to an environment with low divalent cations, abundant cationic peptides and low temperature (Frirdich and Whitfield, 2005). The TLR4 pathway TLR4 is a membrane protein expressed by hematopoietic-derived, insubordinate cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes and dendritic cells. It is the link of LPS to the innate tolerant pathway, which allows a faster enlisting of immune cells to the site of infection. It is able to do so by stimulating the transfer of nuclear factor- (NF-) to the nucleus, thus initiating the observation of the genes coding for IL-6, IL-1 and TNF-? (Creely, 2007), whose importance will be discussed in detail later. Because many body surfaces and mucosa argon susceptible to bacterial infection, many body parts may be exposed to LPS as well. As such, they are also expressed by non-hematopoietic cells such as epithelia and endothelia. In the respiratory tract, many studies take over already recognized the role of TLR4 in inducing defensive mechanisms against pulmonary infection. Since the non-hematopoietic cells do not mystify immune functions, they release signals that allow the recruitment neutrophils to the site of infection. If uncontrolled, however, this response may lead to a reduction in lung function due to inflammation of the lungs, as well as exacerbation of allergic asthma. (Hollingsworth et al., 2005). However, it was plant by Hollingsworth et al. (2005) that, at least in the respiratory tract, immune response is different in order when LPS is detected by hematopoietic cells than if it is by epithelial and endothelial cells of the airway. In their experiment, they used chimeric mice to hold in expression of TLR4 in 1) hematopoietic cells only, or in 2) structural cells only. Number of neutrophils present, cytokine/chemokine production, and airway inflammation, through judging of tracheal pressure. It was observed that even if the epithelia and endothelia of the respiratory tract do not express TLR4, neutrophil recruitment was still made possible because hematopoietic cell